Imagine a life without a mobile, A.C., refrigerator, washing machine, oven, bike, metro, etc, etc the list is endless. We can definitely not think of our lives without them. They make our life so smooth and comfortable that we literally do not want to live without them. Well all these things which make our life so much easy, comfortable and fun are the result of the creative minds of none other but “Engineers”. Engineers are those intellectual and creative individuals who solve the problems of daily life using vivid imagination, practicality and basic fundamentals of science technology and maths. Even the so called the warriors of COVID i.e. the medicos/doctors would have been helpless without their help in the form of instruments, gadgets, medicine, etc. They would have been like a military troop sitting on the front without arms and ammunition. So all salutations to these creative beings along with other corona warriors. So today we will discuss about them: who is engineer, what is engineering, what goes in making of them etc…

WHO IS AN ENGINEER

Engineer is a technical professional who applies the theories and principles of physical sciences to design and develop economically viable and easily executable products and solutions to technical problems of his/her sphere.

WHAT IS ENGINEERING?

The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive, devise" so Engineering is a stream of education which involves the application of Science, Technology and Mathematics to innovate, design, develop and maintain machines, structures, software, hardware and systems & processes. Just like medicine engineering is also an evergreen branch and much of the nation’s development and progress depends on it. This field offers a range of career opportunities across all industries, making it one of the most sought after course pursued by students after Class XII.

According to a 2018-19 report of the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) powered by the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD), Engineering is the third major stream with 37.70 lakh students enrolled at the undergraduate level. The share of male student enrolled in Engineering and Technology is 71.1 per cent where female enrolment is 28.9 per cent.

HISTORY OF ENGINEERING

Engineering is not a new branch rather it has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc. The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a steady supply of clean and fresh water to cities and towns in the empire. The Pyramids in ancient Egypt, Ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the Acropolis and Parthenon in Greece, and the Brihadeeshwarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. Other monuments, no longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Pharos of Alexandria, were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, an early known mechanical analog computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes, are examples of Greek mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.

Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hunnic armies employed military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century BC, the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD.

The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.

The earliest programmable machines were developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer, a programmable musical instrument, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated flute player invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices, in the 9th century

Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution. Applied science lead to the development of the steam engine. The sequence of events began with the invention the barometer and the measurement of atmospheric pressure by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.

So Engineering had been prevailing since time immemorial. Although the importance of engineering as a profession gained its ground only after the industrial revolution but since then it is developing at a fast pace. At present there is no field in the sphere of human life that can survive without the use of engineering skills of one kind or other. In fact, engineering has become the backbone of the growth of civil society. It is only the marvel of engineering that today one can cover a distance of 500 km in 1 hour’s time.

SCOPE OF ENGINEERING IN INDIA

In the last 73 years or so importance of engineers has increased many folds particularly in the developing countries like India. Whatever may be the field, be it civil, electronics, food technology or any other, engineers are in high demand now.

QUALITIES OF AN ENGINEER

While engineering education provides the foundation needed to land in a job, there are certain qualities/skills engineers are required to have in order to deal with the day-to-day realities of working in the field. The following are some examples of these skills:

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR ENGINEERING

The minimum educational qualification for becoming an Engineer is a Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering from a recognized institute. In India at undergraduate level there are two main engineering course formats available.

They are as follows-

1. Diploma in Engineering

2. Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of Technology (B.E. or B.Tech.)

1. Diploma in Engineering is a 3 years long course. Diploma course can be pursued after completing 10^th standard from a recognized board. This course can also be pursued after completing 12^th standard (Science stream- Mathematics group). In short, minimum educational qualification required is 10th passed. After clearing 10^th class from any education board aspiring candidate can join Diploma College/Polytechnic and get a Diploma in Engineering (in any of desired trade). Candidates have to appear in an entrance test conducted by Technical Education Boards of various State Governments and selected candidates are admitted in the Diploma colleges according to the rank of the candidate in the entrance exam. This exam is generally held in the month of May-June and consists of Objective type questions on the subject of English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Aptitude. After completing three years the Diploma Engineers can either join some job of Junior Engineer level or can compete to get admission in the second year of a degree in engineering course which is provided by some of the regional engineering colleges of the state.

OR

Diploma Engineer can complete his engineering studies through AMIE (Associate Membership of Institution of Engineers) - An alternate option for getting an engineering degree. AMIE introduced a non-formal engineering education programme, a successful completion of which is recognized as equivalent to a degree in engineering by the government of India, the Union Public Service Commission, State governments and public/ private sector organizations.

2. Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of Technology (B.E. or B.Tech.) program lasts for a period of 4 years. This course can be pursued after completing 12th standard (Non Medical Science stream i.e. Mathematics group). In short, 12^th passed with Science stream subjects is the minimum qualification required. After clearing 12th class candidate can take Engineering Entrance Exams like Joint Entrance Exam etc to get admission to Bachelor's degree courses in some of the best engineering colleges like Indian Institute of Technologies, NITs and IIITs etc.

After successful completion of a degree course and required internship the candidate is ready to join Government, Semi-Government or Privates sector as an Assistant Engineer. The more competitive Engineers can compete in Combined Indian Engineering Services exam to get to the top most technical post in various State Governments or the Government of India.

Engineering graduate can also pursue higher qualification such as M.E. followed by Ph.D and can opt for research work or for academics. For getting admission to Master's in Engineering courses in reputed institutes candidates may have to appear in GATE Exam.

ENGINEER JOB DESCRIPTION

Engineer-irrespective of his trade- job includes design, development, and project completion. His job is to prepare engineering analysis of projects to include: preliminary design, calculation, life cycle cost and equipment selection. He also conducts surveys to gather field data beside prepare and interpret blueprints, schematic drawings, layouts and other visual aids.

Engineer Career Prospects

Junior Engineer (Starter) – Diploma Engineer	JE
Assistant Engineer-(Direct) - Degree Holder	AE
Sub Divisional Engineer	SDE
Assistant Executive Engineer	AEE
Executive Engineer	XEN
Superintending Engineer	SE
Chief Engineer (Top Most Post)

SALARY

Engineer with a Bachelors Degree in the private sector can get anywhere near Rs.25,000 to Rs.30,000 as a starter and can go anywhere as high as Rs.1,00,000 per month with experience and ability. But they are suitably compensated by other perks and allowances in addition to housing facilities, medical expenses as well as free/concessional air passes for their immediate family members and dependents (as LTC) above all the status attached with the Government sector posts

ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA

India is one of the largest producers of engineers in the world. In India, there are numerous engineering colleges imparting undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering, applied engineering and sciences. The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are considered the most prestigious engineering institutes in India.

Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) has 23 centers located in Bhubaneswar, Bombay, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jodhpur, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Mandi, Patna, Roorkee, Ropar, Dhanbad, Palakkad, Tirupati, Bhilai, Goa, Jammu, Dharwad and Varanasi. All IITs enjoy the status of the Institutes of National Importance and are autonomous universities that draft their own curricula. Many IITs are members of LAOTSE, an international network of universities in Europe and Asia. LAOTSE membership allows the IITs to exchange students and senior scholars with universities in other countries.

Admission to undergraduate B.Tech and integrated M.Tech programs are through JEE Advanced (the Joint Entrance Examination Advanced) in which around 150,000 students appear annually out of which only around 11,032 get selected. These 150,000 students are initially sorted out by the JEE Mains (Joint Entrance Examination Mains) which is conducted by the NTA (National Testing Agency). Around 1.3 million students appear for this exam. Admission to most postgraduate courses in IITs is granted through various written entrance examinations: GATE (for M.Tech.), JAM (for M.Sc.) and CEED (for M.Des.). The admission for Ph.D. program is based primarily on a personal interview, though candidates may also have to appear for written tests. The IITs are also well known for their special reservation policy, which is significantly different from the one applied in other educational institutions of India.

National Institutes of Technology(NITs)

The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are colleges of engineering and technology education in India. All NITs enjoy the status of the Institutes of National Importance and are autonomous universities that draft their own curricula. They were originally called Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs). In 2002, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, decided to upgrade, in phases, all the original 17 RECs as NITs. There are currently 31 NITs. The 31 NITs are located in Allahabad, Agartala, Bhopal, Durgapur, Hamirpur, Kozhikode, Kurukshetra, Jalandhar, Jamshedpur, Jaipur, Nagpur, Patna, Raipur, Rourkela, Silchar, Srinagar, Surathkal, Surat, Tiruchirappalli, Warangal, Yupia, New Delhi, Farmagudi, Imphal, Shillong, Aizawl, Dimapur, Karaikal, Ravangla, Srinagar and Tadepalligudem. The admission to undergraduate programs of all the NITs was done by the All India Engineering Entrance Examination popularly known as AIEEE. From the year 2013, AIEEE was replaced by JEE-Main (Joint Entrance Examination - Main). The examination is objective by nature and is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) from the year 2019. The exam was previously conducted by CBSE.

Other Institutions

The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) and Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology (IIESTs) are other notable engineering institutions in India.

The Institution of Engineers (India)

AMIE was established in 1920 in Kolkata, West Bengal and is acclaimed to have pioneered education in Engineering. IEI (I) conducts an examination for its Associate Membership(AMIE). This examination is considered as B.E./B.Tech. when contemplated as an eligibility qualification to write competitive examinations like the Indian Civil Service, Indian Engineering Services, GATE, etc., and for employment in Government, public and private sectors in India. This qualification is recognised by Ministry of HRD, Government of India as equivalent to B.E./ B.Tech.

There are 2 sections, namely Section A and Section B, who passed both of section he will be Chartered Engineer (C.Eng). Chartered Engineer (C.Eng) is considered as bachelor's degree in all National and International bodies.

As per AICTE, AMIE is recognized as equivalent to bachelor's degree in appropriate branch of engineering, to those who had enrolled themselves with the institution on or before 31 May 2013.

AICTE APPROVED INSTITUTES BY STATE

List of AICTE approved institutes by state, for the academic year 2017-2018

S.No	State/Union Territory	Number of Engineering Institutes
1	Andaman & Nicobar Islands	1
2	Andhra Pradesh	149
3	Arunachal Pradesh	24
4	Assam	37
5	Bihar	107
6	Chandigarh	14
7	Chhattisgarh	73
8	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	3
9	Daman and Diu	2
10	Delhi	56
11	Goa	17
12	Gujarat	197
13	Haryana	226
14	Himachal Pradesh	64
15	Jammu & Kashmir	53
16	Jharkhand	73
17	Karnataka	157
18	Kerala	129
19	Madhya Pradesh	241
20	Maharashtra	334
21	Manipur	4
22	Meghalaya	7
23	Mizoram	4
24	Nagaland	8
25	Odisha	242
26	Puducherry	29
27	Punjab	302
28	Rajasthan	281
29	Sikkim	5
30	Tamil Nadu	314
31	Telangana	253
32	Tripura	13
33	Uttar Pradesh	574
34	Uttarakhand	117
35	West Bengal	172
-	Total	4282

ENGINEERING BRANCHES

Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering are the top five engineering streams according to MHRD’s AISHE report. Besides these, there are numerous other engineering specializations/branches that candidates can choose from. Given below are some:

1. Aerospace Engineer

Aerospace engineering is the study of the design, development, and production of air and spacecraft. It is often divided further into two more specific engineering disciplines: aeronautical engineering, which deals with aircraft that fly within the Earth’s atmosphere, and astronautical engineering, which is concerned with spacecraft that fly beyond our planet’s atmosphere.

2. Agricultural Engineer

Agricultural engineering is also known as biological engineering, and it covers subjects from aquaculture (raising food sources that thrive in water), to land farming and forestry. These engineers also develop biofuels, plan animal environments, and find better food processing methods. Often they work in offices, but they are also outdoors and traveling to worksites where they oversee equipment function in agricultural settings, and assure that government regulations are met.

3. Automotive Engineer

Automotive engineering is one of the most exciting, challenging and rewarding careers. Automotive engineers research, design and develop vehicles and their subsystems. They work with sophisticated technologies to create products that thrill the senses and bring the freedom of mobility to the world.

4. Biomedical Engineer

Biomedical engineers work with a combination of biology, medicine and engineering. They are trained to analyze and design solutions that will improve patient care. They are the professionals behind sophisticated medical equipment like MRIs and microscopic surgical machines. Biomedical engineers are also responsible for research and development of medical innovations like artificial organs and prosthesis.

5. Chemical Engineer

Chemical engineers utilize their knowledge of the physical world to manipulate the interactions of individual atoms and molecules. Their talents are generally employed in the research and development of new materials and are critical to numerous fields including nanotechnology, energy storage, and computing. Often working alongside other engineers in interdisciplinary teams to solve humanity's greatest problems, chemical engineers are guaranteed to remain key leaders in securing our future prosperity whether on this planet or any other.

6. Civil Engineer

Civil engineers specialize in road, bridge, buildings and water supply system design and construction. They supervise and direct construction teams and work with other engineers. These professionals ensure that every structure built is environmentally compliant and can withstand earthquakes and hurricanes.

7. Computer Engineer

Computer Engineers develop and improve the software programs and hardware that make computers run. Computer Engineers may specialize in either software or hardware. From operating system software, such as Windows and Linux, to individual computer programs, such as Photoshop and Microsoft Office, Software Engineers turn piles of hardware into fully functional computers. Hardware Engineers develop the hardware of computers, including the motherboards, graphics and audio cards and drives that are later programmed by Software Engineers.

8. Drafting and Design Engineer

Drafting and Design Engineering is an exciting career that allows the engineer to be involved in all stages of the design process, from conception to presentation of the finished plans. This career requires a working knowledge of drafting and design principles, material types and properties, and manufacturing processes.

9. Electrical Engineer

Electrical engineers specialize in power supply and generation. They design, develop, test and supervise electrical equipment manufacturing. They have also been trained to handle responsibilities like wiring and lighting installations in buildings, automobiles and aircraft. What is great about being an electrical engineer is that the training is so extensive that graduates may land a job in many different industries such as construction, manufacturing and design.

10. Environmental Engineer

Environmental engineers use science and engineering principles to protect and improve the environment. The quality of air, water, and soil is their primary focus. They seek solutions to water-borne diseases, wastewater management, and air pollution. They work to improve recycling, waste disposal, and industrial hygiene. They analyze soil and water samples.

11. Geological Engineer

Geological engineering involves geology, civil engineering, and fields such as mining, forestry and geography. These engineers apply earth sciences to human problems. Specialty areas include geotechnical site, studies of rock and soil, slope stability for projects; environmental studies and planning for construction sites; groundwater studies; hazard investigations; and finding fossil fuel and mineral deposits.

12. Marine Engineer

Marine Engineers are responsible for the design and construction of seagoing vessels and structures, focusing primarily on their internal systems. Simply put, they design the onboard electrical, environmental and propulsion systems aboard everything from oil platforms to cruise ships.

13. Mechanical Engineer

Mechanical engineering is the study of motion, energy and force. The mechanical engineer seeks to control these elements by using a combination of material, human and economic resources to develop mechanical solutions that help satisfy the needs and wants of society.

14. Petroleum Engineer

Petroleum engineers specialize in designing and developing technology and methods for digging the earth’s surface to extract oil and gas. They find means to obtain either natural gas or crude oil from the ground.

15. Software Engineer

Software engineers are specialists who are in charge of the testing, design, development and maintenance of computer software for business and personal use. They apply the principles of mathematics, engineering and computer science in creating managing software. These professionals are responsible for programming computers to make them operate as they should.

Pros and Cons of being an Engineer

Pros

Irrespective of trends in the markets, engineers are always in demand especially those in electrical, civil, mechanical and computers.
Indian engineers are good in their logical and mathematical skills. Their demand is always high in the US and other foreign countries

Cons

Demanding career as one might have to stay for long hours in the office till they fix the problem.
One might have to stay away from home for projects that require onsite engineer.
Though all good institutes have campus placements, yet not all engineers are well placed
Today, MBA has almost become synonymous with engineering. Most engineers opt for MBA after engineering and therefore demand for engineers without an MBA has dropped sharply

ABOUT JEE (MAIN) – 2020

The JEE (Main)-2020 will be conducted twice before admissions in the next academic session. The students will have following benefits of the new pattern:

· This will give one more opportunity to the students to improve their scores in examination if they fail to give their best in first attempt without wasting their whole academic year.

· In first attempt, the students will get a first-hand experience of taking an examination and to know their mistakes which they can improve while attempting for the second time.

· This will reduce chances of dropping a year and droppers would not have to waste a full year.

· If anyone missed the examination due to reasons beyond control, then he/she won’t have to wait for one full year.

· The student’s best of the two NTA scores will be considered for preparation of Merit List/ Ranking.

Mode of Examination

JEE (Main)-2020 will be conducted in the following modes:

a) B.E. /B. Tech. in “Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only.

b) B. Arch: Mathematics- Part I and Aptitude Test-Part II in “Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only and Drawing Test –Part III in “Pen & Paper Based” (offline) mode to be attempted on drawing sheet of A4 size.

c) B. Planning: Mathematics- Part I, Aptitude Test-Part II and Planning Based Questions-Part III in “Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only.

Choice of Medium of Question Papers

The medium of Question Paper shall be in English, Hindi and Gujarati.

The option of question paper language should be exercised while filling up the Application Form and it cannot be changed at a later stage.

Please note that for correctness of the questions in all the question papers, the English version will be taken as final.

Details of Examination

Subject combinations for each paper, type of questions in each paper and mode of examination is given in the table below: PAPER	SUBJECTS		TYPE OF QUESTIONS				MODE OF EXAMINATION
B.E./B.Tech.	Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry		Objective Type - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) & Questions for which answer is a numerical value, with equal weightage to Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry				“Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only
B. Arch	Mathematics – Part I		Objective Type - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)& Questions for which answer is a numerical value				“Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only
Aptitude Test – Part II			Objective Type - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Drawing Test – Part III		Questions to test drawing aptitude			“Pen & Paper Based” (offline) mode to be attempted on Drawing sheet
B. Planning	Mathematics – Part I			Objective Type - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)& Questions for which answer is a numerical value		“Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only
Aptitude Test – Part II				Objective Type - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Planning Based Questions - Part III				Objective Type - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Reservations

For admission to a participating institute, please see the reservations applicable in that particular institute. In case of institutes run by the Central Government,10% of the seats are reserved for Category General-Economically Weaker Section(GEN-EWS), 15% of the seats are reserved for the category Scheduled Caste (SC), 7.5% for the category Scheduled Tribe (ST) and 27% for the category Other Backward Classes belonging to the “ Non Creamy layer” (OBC-NCL). Each category will have 5% reservations for Persons with Disabilities (PwD) as defined in The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act 2016).

Other Backward Classes - Non Creamy Layer (OBC–NCL) are as per the Central list of Other Backward Classes available on National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC), Government of India website www.ncbc.nic.in. Thus, the candidates falling in this list may mention OBC in the Category Column. State list OBC Candidates who are not in OBC-NCL (Central List) must choose General.

EXAMINATION PATTERN
1.			Dates of Examination				*Between 05.04.2020, 07.04.2020 to 09.04.2020 & 11.04.2020*
2.			Allocation of Date and shift				Random
3.			Medium of Question Paper				Candidates have to opt language of QP in the Online Application Form.
English & Hindi					All Centre Cities
English, Hindi and Gujarati.					Centre Cities in Gujarat, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli
(a) B.E./B. Tech.“Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only to be attempted on Computer. Syllabus available on NTA’s Website.
4.	Subject wise distribution of Questions, Total Number of Questions and Marks			Subject		No of Questions			Marks
Mathematics			*(20+5)**				100
Physics			*(20+5)**				100
Chemistry			*(20+5)**				100
Total			75				300
*20 questions will be MCQs and 5 questions will have answer to be filled in as numerical value.
5.		Marking Scheme for MCQs			Correct Answer or the best Answer			Four mark (+4)
Incorrect Answer					Minus one mark (-1)
Unanswered / Marked for Review					No mark (0)
6.		Marking Scheme for questions for which answer is a Numerical value			Correct Answer			Four mark (+4)
Incorrect Answer					No mark (0)
Unanswered / Marked for Review					No mark (0)
7.			Method of determining merit				Conversion of raw score in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Total into NTA scores. Overall merit shall be prepared by merging NTA scores of all shifts of all days.
8.			Method of resolving ties				Tie between candidates obtaining equal Total NTA scores in B.E./B.Tech, will be resolved in the following manner:  NTA score in Mathematics, followed by  NTA score in Physics, followed by  NTA score in Chemistry, followed by  Candidates with less proportion of negative responses, followed by  Candidates older in Age
(b) B. Arch: Mathematics- Part I and Aptitude Test-Part II in “Computer Based Test (CBT)” mode only and Drawing Test –Part III in “Pen & Paper Based” (offline) mode to be attempted on drawing sheet of A4 size.
9.	Subject wise distribution of Questions, Total Number of Questions and Marks			Subject		No of Questions			Marks
Mathematics-Part I			(20+5*)				100
Aptitude Test-Part II			50				200
Drawing Test –Part III			02				100
Total			77				400
*20 questions will be MCQs and 5 questions will have answer to be filled as numerical value.
10.		(a) Marking Scheme for MCQs			Correct Answer or the best Answer			Four mark (+4)
Incorrect Answer					Minus one mark (-1)
Unanswered /Marked for Review					No mark (0)
(b) Marking Scheme for questions for which answer is a Numerical value			Correct Answer				Four mark (+4)
Incorrect Answer					No mark (0)
Unanswered / Marked for Review					No mark (0)
(c) Marking Scheme for Drawing Test –Part III					Two questions to be evaluated out of 100 marks.
11.			Method of determining merit				Conversion of raw score in Mathematics, Aptitude Test, Drawing Test and Total into NTA Scores. Overall merit shall be prepared by merging NTA Scores of all shifts of all days.
12.			Method of resolving ties				Tie between candidates obtaining equal Total NTA scores in B.Arch will be resolved in the following manner:

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